Course notes american pageant 13th edition vocab

Every important vocabulary word from American Pageant 13th edition , broken down chapter-by-chapter for quick review. These vocabulary flashcards cover nearly all AP U. History concepts you will see on the AP exam. Test your U. History knowledge with one of our sample tests. Use these sample questions to focus your studying on the areas that you need improvement.

In-depth topic outlines on specific U. History related topics. Very helpful if you need to review a specific topic or study for essay prompts. Do you know your AP U. History chronology? Use these handy timelines to help you memorize important dates in U. Massive immigration made labor cheap. American ingenuity played a vital role, as such inventions like mass production from Eli Whitney were being refined and perfected.

Popular inventions included the cash register, the stock ticker, the typewriter, the refrigerator car, the electric dynamo, and the electric railway, which displaced animal-drawn cars. In , Alexander Graham Bell invented the telephone and a new age was launched. The Trust Titan Emerges Industry giants used various ways to eliminate competition and maximize profits.

John D. He used this method to form Standard Oil and control the oil industry by forcing weaker competitors to go bankrupt. These men became known for their trusts, giant, monopolistic corporations. This was due to an invention that made steel-making cheaper and much more effective: the Bessemer process, which was named after an English inventor even though an American, William Kelly, had discovered it first: Cold air blown on red-hot iron burned carbon deposits and purified it.

America was one of the few nations that had a lot of coal for fuel, iron for smelting, and other essential ingredients for steel making, and thus, quickly became 1. Carnegie and Other Sultans of Steel Andrew Carnegie started off as a poor boy in a bad job, but by working hard, assuming responsibility, and charming influential people, he worked his way up to wealth. Rockefeller Grows an American Beauty Rose In , a man named Drake first used oil to get money, and by the s, kerosene, a type of oil, was used to light lamps all over the nation.

Oil, however, was just beginning with the gasoline-burning internal combustion engine. Rockefeller crushed weaker competitors—part of the natural process according to him—but his company did produce superior oil at a cheaper price.

Other trusts, which also generally made better products at cheaper prices, emerged, such as the meat industry of Gustavus F. Swift and Philip Armour. The Gospel of Wealth Many of the newly rich had worked from poverty to wealth, and thus felt that some people in the world were destined to become rich and then help society with their money.

It said the reason a Carnegie was at the top of the steel industry was that he was most fit to run such a business. Corporate lawyers used the 14th Amendment to defend trusts, the judges agreed, saying that corporations were legal people and thus entitled to their property, and plutocracy ruled.

Not until was it properly enforced and those prosecuted for violating the law were actually punished. The South in the Age of Industry The South remained agrarian despite all the industrial advances, though James Buchanan Duke developed a huge cigarette industry in the form of the American Tobacco Company and made many donations to what is now Duke University.

Men like Henry W. Grady, editor of the Atlanta Constitution newspaper urged the South to industrialize. However, many northern companies set rates to keep the South from gaining any competitive edge whatsoever, with examples including the rich deposits of iron and coal near Birmingham, Alabama, and the textile mills of the South.

However, cheap labor led to the creation of many jobs, and despite poor wages, many white Southerners saw employment as a blessing. The Gibson Girl was young, athletic, attractive, and outdoorsy not the stay-at-home mom type. However, many women never achieved this, and instead toiled in hard work because they had to do so in order to earn money.

A nation of farmers was becoming a nation of wage earners, but the fear of unemployment was never far, and the illness of a breadwinner the main wage owner in a family was disastrous. Strong pressures in foreign trade developed as the tireless industrial machine threatened to flood the domestic market. In Unions There Is Strength With the inflow of immigrants providing a labor force that would work for low wages and in poor environments, the workers who wanted to improve their conditions found that they could not, since their bosses could easily hire the unemployed to take their places.

Corporations had many weapons against strikers, such as hiring strikebreakers or asking the courts to order strikers to stop striking, and if they continued, to bring in troops. The National Labor Union, formed in , represented a giant boot stride by workers and attracted an impressive total of , members, but it only lasted six years.

It worked for the arbitration of industrial disputes and the eight-hour workday, and won the latter for government workers, but the depression of knocked it out. A new organization, the Knights of Labor, was begun in and continued secretly until This organization was similar to the National Labor Union. It only barred liquor dealers, professional gamblers, lawyers, bankers, and stockbrokers, and they campaigned for economic and social reform.

Led by Terence V. Unhorsing the Knights of Labor However, the Knights became involved in a number of May Day strikes of which half failed. In Chicago, home to about 80, Knights and a few hundred anarchists that advocated a violent overthrow of the American government, tensions had been building, and on May 4, , Chicago police were advancing on a meeting that had been called to protest brutalities by authorities when a dynamite bomb was thrown, killing or injuring several dozen people.

Eight anarchists were rounded up yet no one could prove that they had any association with the bombing, but since they had preached incendiary doctrines, the jury sentenced five of them to death on account of conspiracy and gave the other three stiff prison terms. In , John P. Altgeld, a German-born Democrat was elected governor of Illinois and pardoned the three survivors after studying the case extensively. He received violent verbal abuse for that and was defeated during re-election.

This so-called Haymarket Square Bombing forever associated the Knights of Labor with anarchists and lowered their popularity and effectiveness; membership declined, and those that remained fused with other labor unions.

It consisted of an association of self-governing national unions, each of which kept its independence, with the AF of L unifying overall strategy. Gompers demanded a fairer share for labor. The AF of L established itself on solid but narrow foundations, since it tried to speak for all workers but fell far short of that. Composed of skilled laborers, it was willing to let unskilled laborers fend for themselves.